Philoponus: On Aristotle on the Soul 1.3-5, Philoponus

Автор: W. Charlton
Название: `Philoponus`: On Aristotle On the Soul 3.9-13 with Stephanus: On Aristotle On Interpretation
ISBN: 1472558502 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472558503
Издательство: Bloomsbury Academic
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Описание: The earlier part of the commentary by 'Philoponus' on Aristotle's On the Soul is translated by William Charlton in another volume in the series. This volume includes the latter part of the commentary along with a translation of Stephanus' commentary on Aristotle 's On Interpretation. It thus enables readers to assess for themselves Charlton's view that the commentary once ascribed to Philoponus should in fact be ascribed to Stephanus. The two treatises of Aristotle here commented on are very different from each other. In On Interpretation Aristotle studies the logic of opposed pairs of statements. It is in this context that Aristotle discusses the nature of language and the implications for determinism of opposed predictions about a future occurrence, such as a sea-battle. And Stephanus, like his predecessor Ammonius, brings in other deterministic arguments not considered by Aristotle ('The Reaper' and the argument from God's foreknowledge). In On the Soul 3.9-13, Aristotle introduces a theory of action and motivation and sums up the role of perception in animal life. Despite the differences in subject matter between the two texts, Charlton is able to make a good case for Stephanus' authorship of both commentaries. He also sees Stephanus as preserving what was valuable from Ammonius' earlier commentary On Interpretation, while bringing to bear the virtue of greater concision. At the same time, Stephanus reveals his Christian affiliations, in contrast to Ammonius, his pagan predecessor.

Автор: Philoponus
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 1.1-2
ISBN: 1472557778 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472557773
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Описание: This text by Philoponus, the sixth-century commentator on Aristotle, is notable for its informative introduction to psychology, which tells us the views of Philoponus, of his teacher and of later Neoplatonists on our psychological capacities and on mind-body relations. There is an unusual account of how reason can infer a universally valid conclusion from a single instance, and there are inherited views on the roles of intellect and perception in concept formation, and on the human ability to make reasoned decisions, celebrated by Aristotle, but here downgraded. Philoponus attacks Galen's view that psychological capacities follow, or result from, bodily chemistry; they merely supervene on that and can be counteracted. He has benefited from Galen's knowledge of the brain and nerves, but also propounds the Neoplatonist belief in tenuous bodies which after death support our irrational souls temporarily, or our reason eternally.

Автор: Philoponus
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 2.7-12
ISBN: 147255776X ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472557766
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Описание: In this, one of the most original ancient texts on sense perception, Philoponus, the sixth century AD commentator on Aristotle, considers how far perceptual processes are incorporeal. Colour affects us in the same way as light which, passing through a stained glass window, affects the air, but colours only the masonry beyond. Sounds and smells are somewhat more physical, travelling most of the way to us with a moving block of air, but not quite all the way. Only the organ of touch takes on the tangible qualities perceived, because reception of sensible qualities in perception is cognitive, not physical. Neither light nor the action of colour involves the travel of bodies. Our capacities for psychological activity do not follow, nor result from, the chemistry of our bodies, but merely supervene on that. On the other hand, Philoponus shows knowledge of the sensory nerves, and he believes that thought and anger both warm us. This argument is used elsewhere to show how we can tell someone else's state of mind.

Автор: Philoponus
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Soul 2.1-6
ISBN: 1472557727 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472557728
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Описание: In `On The Soul` 2.1-6, Aristotle gives a very different account of the soul from Plato`s by tying the soul to the body. He defines soul and life by reference to the capacities for using food to maintain structure and reproduce, for perceiving and desiring. Philoponus gives a `cognitive` view.

Автор: W. Charlton
Название: `Philoponus`: On Aristotle On the Soul 3.1-8
ISBN: 1472558499 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472558497
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In On the Soul 3.1-8, Aristotle first discusses the functions common to all five senses, such as self-awareness, and then moves on to Imagination and Intellect.
This commentary on Aristotle's text has traditionally been ascribed to Philoponus, but William Charlton argues here that it should be ascribed to a later commentator, Stephanus. (The quotation marks used around his name indicate this disputed authorship.) 'Philoponus' reports the postulation of a special faculty for self-awareness, intended to preserve the unity of the person. He disagrees with 'Simplicius', the author of another commentary on On the Soul (also available in this series), by insisting that Imagination can apprehend things as true or false, and he disagrees with Aristotle by saying that we are not always free to imagine them otherwise than as they are. On Aristotle's Active Intellect. 'Philoponus' surveys different interpretations, but ascribes to Plutarch of Athens, and rejects, the view adopted by the real Philoponus in his commentary on Aristotle's On Intellect that we have innate intellectual knowledge from a previous existence. Instead he takes the view that the Active Intellect enables us to form concepts by abstraction through serving as a model of something already separate from matter. Our commentator further disagrees with the real Philoponus by denying the Idealistic view that Platonic forms are intellects.
Charlton sees 'Philoponus' as the excellent teacher and expositor that Stephanus was said to be.

Автор: Philoponus
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle Physics 1.4-9
ISBN: 1472557824 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472557827
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Описание: Explores a range of questions about the basic structure of reality, the nature of prime matter, the principles of change, the relation between form and matter, and the issue of whether things can come into being out of nothing, and if so, in what sense that is true.

Автор: William Charlton
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle On the Intellect (de Anima 3.4-8)
ISBN: 1780934378 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781780934372
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In his commentary on a portion of Aristotle's de Anima (On the Soul) known as de Intellectu (On the Intellect), Philoponus drew on both Christian and Neoplatonic traditions as he reinterpreted Aristotle's views on such key questions as the immortality of the soul, the role of images in thought, the character of sense perception and the presence within the soul of universals.
Although it is one of the richest and most interesting of the ancient works on Aristotle, Philoponus' commentary has survived only in William of Moerbeke's thirteenth-century Latin translation from a partly indecipherable Greek manuscript. The present version, the first translation into English, is based upon William Charlton's penetrating scholarly analysis of Moerbeke's text.

Автор: Huby Pamela
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle Physics 4.6-9
ISBN: 1472539168 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472539168
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Описание: This is the first translation into English of the commentary of the sixth-century philosopher Philoponus on Aristotle`s Physics Book 4, chapters 6-9. In this section of his commentary, Philoponus attacks Aristotle`s views on void (or vacuum) and motion.

Автор: Philoponus
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle Meteorology 1.4-9, 12
ISBN: 1472558200 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472558206
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Описание: In this commentary of Aristotle`s Meteorology, the Neoplatonist Philoponus discusses subjects such as the nature of fiery and light phenomena in the sky, the formation of comets, the Milky Way, the properties of moist exhalation, and the formation of hail.

Автор: A.R. Lacey
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle Physics 2
ISBN: 1472558030 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781472558039
Издательство: Bloomsbury Academic
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Book 2 of the Physics is arguably the best introduction to Aristotle's work, both because it explains some of his central concepts, such as nature and the four causes, and because it asks some gripping questions that are still debated today: Is chance something real? If so, what? Can nature be explained by chance, necessity and natural selection, or is it purposive?
Philoponus' commentary is not only a valuable guide, but also a work of Neoplatonism with its own views on causation, the Providence of Nature, the problem of evil and the immortality of the soul.

Автор: C.J.F. Williams
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming-to-Be and Perishing 1.1-5
ISBN: 1780938691 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781780938691
Издательство: Bloomsbury Academic
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Описание: The first five chapters of Aristotle’s De Generatione et Corruptione distinguish creation and destruction from mere qualitative change and from growth. They include a fascinating debate about the atomists’ analysis of creation and destruction as due to the rearrangement of indivisible atoms. Aristotle’s rival belief in the infinite divisibility of matter is explained and defended against the atomists’ powerful attack on infinite divisibility. But what inspired Philoponus most in his commentary is the topic of organic growth. How does it take place without ingested matter getting into the same place as the growing body? And how is personal identity preserved, if our matter is always in flux, and our form depends on our matter? If we do not depend on the persistence of matter why are we not immortal? Analogous problems of identity arise also for inanimate beings. Philoponus draws out a brief remark of Aristotle’s to show that cause need not be like effect. For example, what makes something hard may be cold, not hard. This goes against a persistent philosophical prejudice, but Philoponus makes it plausible that Aristotle recognized this truth. These topics of identity over time and the principles of causation are still matters of intense discussion.

Автор: C.J.F. William
Название: Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming to be 1.6-2.4
ISBN: 1780938772 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781780938776
Издательство: Bloomsbury Academic
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Описание: These chapters of Aristotle's treatise are about physical interactions. In his innovative commentary, Philoponus discusses Aristotle's idea that certain qualities of the elements are basic. In what way are they basic? he asks. To what extent can the other qualities be reduced to the basic ones? And if the other qualities depend on the basic ones, how is it that they can vary independently of each other when the basic qualities change? Philoponus develops the idea that the other qualities merely supervene on the basic ones, rather than resulting from them. Moreover, physical qualities admit of different ranges of variation, and so have different thresholds at which they appear or disappear. Philoponus also discusses Aristotle's idea that the elements and their basic qualities survive potentially when mixed together. He explains this by drawing a third sense of 'potential' out of Aristotle's texts to take the place of the two senses which Aristotle explicitly recognises. Philoponus adds further restrictions to Aristotle's principles of causation. Black can contaminate white, but the black in ebony does not have the right matter for affecting the white of milk. He asks why fluids can affect each other more easily than solids. In every case, Philoponus takes Aristotle's discussions further, and his ideas on the dependence of some qualities on others are very relevant to the continuing philosophical debate on the subject.