de Vito Katherine Gang Prevention in Schools: Creating a Secure Base and Safe Haven 9783030829131

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Автор: de Vito Katherine
Название: Gang Prevention in Schools: Creating a Secure Base and Safe Haven
ISBN: 9783030829131
Издательство: Springer
Классификация:

Социальная работа

Преступность и криминология

Детская психология и психология развития

Образование: забота об учащихся и консультирование их

ISBN-10: 3030829138
Обложка/Формат: Hardcover
Страницы: 185
Вес: 0.48 кг.
Дата издания: 26.09.2021
Язык: English
Издание: 1st ed. 2021
Иллюстрации: 33 illustrations, color; 3 illustrations, black and white; xvii, 196 p. 36 illus., 33 illus. in color.; 33 illustrations, color; 3 illustrations, blac
Размер: 23.39 x 15.60 x 1.42 cm
Читательская аудитория: Professional & vocational
Подзаголовок: Creating a secure base and safe haven
Ссылка на Издательство: Link
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Поставляется из: Германии
Описание: Chapter 1: Theories of Gang InvolvementThis section includes discussion of current understandings and theory relating to the presence, development, and growth of gangs. Interactional theory suggests that gang membership arises from negative peer relationships, poor social structural environments, weak relationships, and an environment that is supportive of crime (Alleyne & Wood, 2014). Social control theory says that adolescents join gangs because they do not have positive relationships and do not have access to normal social norms (Dickson-Gomez et al, 2017). If one does not have good relationships with positive peers and positive role models, he may feel as if a gang is the only viable option. Multiple marginalization is defined as a lack of employment opportunities, poor living conditions, poverty, and family and community stress (Dickson-Gomez et al, 2017). This means that there are many factors causing stress, making it appear as if there is no good way out. A gang might seem like a way to get out of a bleak home situation. Social disorganization theory states that a community structure fails to see the value in its residents and does not keep social control (Sampson and Groves, 1989). A community cannot feel connected or have social control when there are higher crime rates and juvenile delinquency such as in disadvantaged neighborhoods (Santiago et al., 2011; Sampson and Groves, 1989).
Chapter 2: Attachment TheoryAttachment theory has the utility to add to the existing knowledge base about gang membership. Childrens relationships with their primary caregivers are the foundation for their future relationships (Bowlby, 1998; Parrigon, et al., 2015). A secure attachment forms if the primary caregiver is consistently providing a safe secure base for the child from which he can explore the environment and return for comfort and support (Bowlby, 1998). An insecure attachment is formed when the caregiver is not consistent with care or is neglectful (Bowlby, 1988).
Attachment theory posits that the earliest human interactions shape our survival functions (Schore & Schore, 2012). Early interactions between primary caregiver (attachment figure) and infant influence the brain systems maturation and organization, which causes affect and self-regulation (Schore & Schore, 2012; Hill, 2015). Affect is how ones emotion is communicated through facial expressions, body movements, and tone of voice (Hill, 2015). During infancy, it is the primary caregivers job to regulate the child during states of hyper- or hypo arousal (Hill, 2015). Early attachment communications are crucial to neurobiological systems in the right brain, which is where stress regulation, emotional processing, and regulation of self are all found (Schore & Schore, 2012). The primary attachment figure, in being that secure attachment figure and responding appropriately to an infants needs, can soothe and regulate his internal system, thereby teaching emotional regulation at an early age.
Trauma can influence brain development. If one has an insecure attachment, it can affect the person in a lifelong way. Kim and Page (2013) found that insecurely attached children develop behavioral problems more frequently, especially in a school setting, as opposed to securely attached children. Konishi and Hymel (2014) found that adolescents have a difficult time handing anger, which can lead to mental health and physical problems, including bullying, gang involvement, substance abuse, dating violence, low academic performance, and peer rejection. Insecurely attached children may turn to gangs as a way of coping with the lack of having a consistent attachment figure (De Vito, 2017). They may have been looking for a secure base in the gang membership, so they would have a replacement family, searching for that stability (De Vito, 2017).

Gang Prevention in Schools: Creating a Secure Base and Safe Haven, de Vito Katherine