International organizations do not always live up to the expectations and mandates of their member countries. One of the best examples of this gap is the environmental performance of multilateral development banks, which are tasked with allocating and managing approximately half of all development assistance worldwide. In the 1980s and 1990s, the multilateral development banks came under severe criticism for financing projects that caused extensive deforestation, polluted large urban areas, displaced millions of people, and destroyed valuable natural resources. In response to significant and public failures, member countries established or strengthened administrative procedures, citizen complaint mechanisms, project evaluation, and strategic planning processes. All of these reforms intended to close the gap between the mandates and performance of the multilateral development banks by shaping the way projects are approved. Giving Aid Effectively provides a systematic examination of whether these efforts have succeeded in aligning allocation decisions with performance.
Mark T. Buntaine argues that the most important way to give aid effectively is selectivity--moving towards projects with a record of success and away from projects with a record of failure for individual recipient countries. This book shows that under certain circumstances, the control mechanisms established to close the gap between mandate and performance have achieved selectivity. Member countries prompt the multilateral development banks to give aid more effectively when they generate information about the outcomes of past operations and use that information to make less successful projects harder to approve or more successful projects easier to approve. This argument is substantiated with the most extensive analysis of evaluations across four multilateral development banks ever completed, together with in-depth case studies and dozens of interviews. More generally, Giving AidEffectively demonstrates that member countries have a number of mechanisms that allow them to manage international organizations for results.
Автор: Britta Sjostedt Название: The Role of Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Reconciliatory Approach to Environmental Protection in Armed Conflict ISBN: 1509922539 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781509922536 Издательство: Bloomsbury Academic Рейтинг: Цена: 100320.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: The environment suffers enormously from armed conflicts and despite the increasing awareness of the pressing need to protect the environment, much environmental damage can occur legally during armed conflict. This book deals with the topic of environmental protection in wartime. It suggests that - apart from the protection offered under law of armed conflict - environmental treaties or multilateral agreements (MEAs) can complement and strengthen environmental protection in times of armed conflict. Previous research has focused on the protection offered under the law of armed conflict (in particular international humanitarian law), and customary international environmental law to deal with wartime environmental damage, or whether environmental treaties remain applicable at times of armed conflict. This is the first in depth scholarly examination of how environmental treaties can apply in wartime and in which manner they can contribute to protect the environment in relation to armed conflict. It also offers an updated study of environmental protection under law of armed conflict, including the latest developments in the International Law Commission on its work on the topic Protection of the Environment in relation to Armed Conflict. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of international law and the protection it provided for the environment during armed conflict.
Автор: Huggins, Anna Название: Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Compliance ISBN: 036788643X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780367886431 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 44910.00 T Наличие на складе: Невозможна поставка. Описание: This book proposes a new framework for evaluating the extent to which administrative procedures in the compliance systems of multilateral environmental agreements constrain power and promote regard for the interests of affected states, which are frequently developing and transition countries.
Автор: Desai Название: Multilateral Environmental Agreements ISBN: 1107610516 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107610514 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 40130.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: This study examines the genesis, development, and proliferation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), their ad hoc treaty-based status and the issue of the legal personality of their secretariats. It offers an account of the phenomenon in which an international institution provides a servicing base for an MEA that triggers a chain of legal implications.
Автор: Park, Susan (university Of Sydney) Название: Environmental recourse at the multilateral development banks ISBN: 1108702341 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781108702348 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 19010.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: This Element examines how IGMs provide recourse for infringements of three procedural environmental rights: access to information, access to participation, and access to justice in environmental matters, as well as environmental protections drawn from the United Nations Guiding Principles and the World Bank`s protection standards.
As the Kyoto Protocol limps along without the participation of the US and Australia, on-going climate negotiations are plagued by competing national and business interests that are creating stumbling blocks to success. Climate Change Negotiations: A Guide to Resolving Disputes and Facilitating Multilateral Cooperation asks how these persistent obstacles can be down-scaled, approaching them from five professional perspectives: a top policy-maker, a senior negotiator, a leading scientist, an international lawyer, and a sociologist who is observing the process.
The authors identify the major problems, including great power strategies (the EU, the US and Russia), leadership, the role of NGOs, capacity and knowledge-building, airline industry emissions, insurance and risk transfer instruments, problems of cost benefit analysis, the IPCC in the post-Kyoto situation, and verification and institutional design. A new key concept is introduced: strategic facilitation. 'Strategic facilitation' has a long time frame, a forward-looking orientation and aims to support the overall negotiation process rather than individual actors.
This book is aimed at academics, university students and practitioners who are directly or indirectly engaged in the international climate negotiation as policy makers, diplomats or experts.
Автор: Buntaine Mark T. Название: Giving Aid Effectively: The Politics of Environmental Performance and Selectivity at Multilateral Development Banks ISBN: 0190467452 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780190467456 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 68640.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: In Giving Aid Effectively, Mark T. Buntaine argues that countries that are members of international organizations have prompted multilateral development banks to give development and environmental aid more effectively by generating better information about performance.
This collection of essays demonstrates how chronic state failure and the inability of the international community to provide a solution to the conflict in Somalia has had transnational repercussions.
Following the failed humanitarian mission in 1992-93, most countries refrained from any direct involvement in Somalia, but this changed in the 2000s with the growth of piracy and links to international terrorist organizations. The deterritorialization of the conflict quickly became apparent as it became transnational in nature. In part because of it lacked a government and was unable to work with the international community, Somalia came to be seen as a testing-ground by many international actors. Globalizing Somalia demonstrates how China, Japan, and the EU, among others, have all used the conflict in Somalia to project power, test the bounds of the national constitution, and test their own military capabilities. Contributed by international scholars and experts, the work examines the impact of globalization on the internal and external dynamics of the conflict, arguing that it is no longer geographically contained. By bringing together the many actors and issues involved, the book fills a gap in the literature as one of the most complete works on the conflict in Somalia to date. It will be an essential text to any student interested in Somalia and the horn of Africa, as well as in terrorism, and conflict processes.
Автор: Acharya Название: Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System ISBN: 1316614018 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781316614013 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 72870.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: This book explores bilateral and regional trade agreements, and examines how they are changing international trade rules. It offers an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by regional trade agreements.
Автор: Acharya Название: Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System ISBN: 1107161649 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107161641 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 161570.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: This book explores bilateral and regional trade agreements, and examines how they are changing international trade rules. It offers an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by regional trade agreements.
