Convergence: Five Critical Steps Toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa, Somik V. Lall, Ayah Mahgoub

Название: Opportunity for All: Promoting Growth and Inclusiveness in the Middle East and North Africa
ISBN: 1484361172 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781484361177
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 22170.00 T
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Описание: This publication brings together a set of IMF papers that prepared as backgrounds for the various sessions of the conference and will help put into broader dissemination channels the results of this important conference. An official IMF publication is well disseminated into academic and institutional libraries and book channels. The IMF metadata will also make the conference papers more discoverable online.

Автор: World Bank
Название: Uneven Odds, Unequal Outcomes: Inequality of Opportunity in the Middle East and North Africa
ISBN: 1464807868 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781464807862
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 25040.00 T
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Описание: The central hypothesis examined in this report is whether inequality of opportunities (as opposed to inequality of outcomes) - starting from early in life and culminating into opportunities in the labor market - explains part of what many have labeled the Arab inequality puzzle.

Автор: Estache, Ianchovichina, Bacon &
Название: Infrastructure And Employment Creation In The Middle East And North Africa
ISBN: 082139665X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780821396650
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 23100.00 T
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Описание: This study assesses the potential for job creation through infrastructure investment in the Middle East and North Africa. The region has experience in making the most of infrastructure investments, but maintaining and spreading the momentum in infrastructure will be important to support future growth and job creation. To do so, policymakers will have to recognize that there are large differences in initial conditions across the region in terms of starting stock, needs, fiscal commitments, private sector participation and job creation potential. Overall, the region’s infrastructure needs through 2020 are quite large and estimated at about 106 billion dollars per year or 6.9 percent of the annual regional GDP. The differences in infrastructure and maintenance needs across sub-regions are also impressive, with developing oil exporters expected to require almost 11 percent of their GDP annually, while the oil importing countries and the GCC oil exporters expected to need approximately 6 and 5 percent of their GDP, respectively. Investment and rehabilitation needs are likely to be especially high in the electricity and transport sectors, particularly roads. Rehabilitation needs are expected to account for slightly more than half of total infrastructure needs. While oil exporters will be able to meet their national infrastructure needs if they maintain investment spending at rates prevailing in the 2000s, oil importers will fall short. The infrastructure sector has the potential to contribute to employment creation in MENA. The region could generate 2.0 million direct jobs and 2.5 million direct, indirect and induced infrastructure-related jobs just by meeting estimated, annual investment needs. However, the potential varies greatly across countries, and infrastructure alone will not resolve MENA’s unemployment problem. Going forward, decisions on what types of public spending to expand and what to downsize in order to achieve balanced budgets will have important implications for jobs. In designing country specific solutions, governments will have to tackle predictable challenges: the governance of job creation, the proper targeting and fiscal costs assessment of subsidies needed to create jobs, the design and fiscal costs of the (re)training programs needed and the expectations on the job creation effects of infrastructure.