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The Basics of Explosives: " The Design & Function ", Kisak Edited by Paul F.


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Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название:  The Basics of Explosives: " The Design & Function "
ISBN: 9781539447306
Издательство: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Классификация: ISBN-10: 1539447308
Обложка/Формат: Paperback
Страницы: 246
Вес: 0.58 кг.
Дата издания: 09.10.2016
Язык: English
Размер: 280 x 216 x 13
Поставляется из: США
Описание: For Military & Law Enforcement OnlyExplosives are used around the world for both productive purposes such as building hydroelectric dams and mining and destructive purposes, primarily by the military. Explosives are usually divided into two classes those that burn and those that detonate. Detonated explosives typically produce a shock front or shock wave that results from an exothermic chemical reaction. This chemical reaction usually results in a relatively stable compound being exposed to a concentrated source of energy such as a blasting cap or other type of detonation device. The solid explosive will phase shift to a high temperature expanding gas in approximately one-millionth of a second (a nanosecond) with pressures exceeding several million pounds per square inch.For one example we can examine Det Cord, also known as Primacord which is usually produced in rolled up or coiled section of cord. This cord is then unwound and when detonated will produce an explosive front along the length of the cord that travels at the speed of 5 miles per second. In other words, if you laid out 5 miles of Det cord, and detonated it, the 5 miles of cord would be explosively spent in one second. Whereas if you burned or ignited the same amount cord it could take weeks to burn to completion.This 2 volume set explains the nature of the various industrial and military explosives and also discusses some of the chemistry involved in these explosives - particularly in the 2nd volume.

The Evolution of Emotion:  " the Study & Origins of Human Emotion  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: The Evolution of Emotion: " the Study & Origins of Human Emotion "
ISBN: 1533011605 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781533011602
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 28680.00 T
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Описание: The study of the evolution of emotions dates back to the 19th century and has come to be known as "sensusology". Evolution and natural selection has been applied to the study of human communication, mainly by Charles Darwin in his 1872 work, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin researched the expression of emotions in an effort to support his theory of evolution. He proposed that much like other traits found in animals, emotions also evolved and were adapted over time. His work looked at not only facial expressions in animals and specifically humans, but attempted to point out parallels between behaviors in humans and other animals. According to modern evolutionary theory, different emotions evolved at different times. Primal emotions, such as fear, are associated with ancient parts of the brain and presumably evolved among our premammal ancestors. Filial emotions, such as a human mother's love for her offspring, seem to have evolved among early mammals. Social emotions, such as guilt and pride, evolved among social primates. Sometimes, a more recently evolved part of the brain moderates an older part of the brain, such as when the cortex moderates the amygdala's fear response. Evolutionary psychologists consider human emotions to be best adapted to the life our ancestors led in nomadic foraging bands. This book is designed to be a general overview of the topic and provide you with the structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The level of discussion is that of Wikipedia. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most currently available general knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

Quantum Entanglement !: .. ".Spooky Action at a Distance. "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: Quantum Entanglement !: .. ".Spooky Action at a Distance. "
ISBN: 153029732X ISBN-13(EAN): 9781530297320
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 28680.00 T
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Описание: Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently - instead, a quantum state may be given for the system as a whole. Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, polarization, etc., performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated. For example, if a pair of particles is generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, then the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise; because of the nature of quantum measurement. However, this behavior gives rise to paradoxical effects: any measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e.g., by collapsing a number of superposed states); and in the case of entangled particles, such action must be on the entangled system as a whole. It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair "knows" what measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even though there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the particles, which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances. Such phenomena were the subject of a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, and several papers by Erwin Schr dinger shortly thereafter, describing what came to be known as the EPR paradox. Einstein and others considered such behavior to be impossible, as it violated the local realist view of causality (Einstein referring to it as "spooky action at a distance") and argued that the accepted formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete. Later, however, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified experimentally. Experiments have been performed involving measuring the polarization or spin of entangled particles in different directions, which - by producing violations of Bell's inequality - demonstrate statistically that the local realist view cannot be correct. This has been shown to occur even when the measurements are performed more quickly than light could travel between the sites of measurement: there is no light speed or slower influence that can pass between the entangled particles. Recent experiments have measured entangled particles within less than one one-hundredth of a percent of the travel time of light between them. According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens instantly. It is not possible, however, to use this effect to transmit classical information at faster-than-light speeds Quantum entanglement is an area of extremely active research by the physics community, and its effects have been demonstrated experimentally with photons, electrons, molecules the size of buckyballs, and even small diamonds. Research is also focused on the utilization of entanglement effects in communication and computation. Some metaphysical conclusions are being discussed as to whether quantum entanglement could be the closest phenomenon that science has discovered, that could represent a 'cosmic' consciousness, for lack of better terminology. This book is a comprehensive discussion of the issues and phenomenon of quantum entanglement and some of the implications that it has on the current field of quantum mechanics. This book is designed to be a general overview of the topic and provide you with the structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most currently available general knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

The Rhetorical Device:  " Literary Resources for the Writer Vol. 1 of 2  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: The Rhetorical Device: " Literary Resources for the Writer Vol. 1 of 2 "
ISBN: 1534843469 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781534843462
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 26380.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Rhetorical devices are the invaluable linguistic & writing tools used by authors and communicators to better convey there ideas to the audience These devices such as metaphor, simile, onomatopoeia, irony, alliteration and 100's more, serve to evoke emotional response in the audience and are used to further enlighten, move, emote or educate the reader. Knowledge and successful use of these tools are often what makes a best-seller and or a classic work. These devices are used in Fiction, Non-fiction, Creative Writing, Poetry, Proverbs, Parables, Epic literature, Movies, Propaganda, Song Lyrics and Advertising to name a few. There are over 400 of these tools of communication or rhetorical devices that are described in alphabetical order in order to serve as a valuable and efficient reference tool for the reader.This 2 volume set contains a comprehensive description and example of these tools or rhetorical devices. It is an invaluable reference work for any writer.This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible.The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

Wave-Particle Duality

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: Wave-Particle Duality
ISBN: 1532973322 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781532973321
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 26380.00 T
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Описание: Wave-particle duality is the concept that every elementary particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves. It expresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects. As Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do". Through the work of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr, and many others, current scientific theory holds that all particles also have a wave nature (and vice versa). This phenomenon has been verified not only for elementary particles, but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. For macroscopic particles, because of their extremely short wavelengths, wave properties usually cannot be detected. Although the use of the wave-particle duality has worked well in physics, the meaning or interpretation has not been satisfactorily resolved and continues to be a conundrum at the highest levels of math and physics. This book discusses the evolution of the phenomenon known as The Wave-Particle Duality. This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

An Introduction to the Ballistics of Firearms: Edited by Paul F. Kisak

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: An Introduction to the Ballistics of Firearms: Edited by Paul F. Kisak
ISBN: 1505239524 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781505239522
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 22980.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This introduction to ballistics is an overview of the essentials involved in the mathematical modeling of the ballistics that pertain to a bullet that is fired from a firearm. This book gives an overview into the classical mechanics of ballistics which includes everything from the internal, transitional, external and terminal ballistics to the equations of motion, trajectory, hydrostatic shock and Stokes' Law.Included are sections on ranged weapons, propellants, firearm, bullet and barrel design.A section on stopping power is especially noteworthy as this is often the factor that drives the design of the weapon.This edition also includes some of the latest ballistics studies from the war in Iraq.Also see these classics: "Know Your Ammo " Manual & Guide to Reloading & Comparing the 'Best of the Best' Loads. - https: //www.createspace.com/5804109 - $19.95 - 268 pagesThe Basics of Firearms - https: //www.createspace.com/6600673 - $19.95 - 214 pagesA Comprehensive Guide to Handgun Ammunition - https: //www.createspace.com/6010094 - $19.95 - 510 pagesA Comprehensive Guide to Rifle Ammunition Vol. 1 - https: //www.createspace.com/6098488 - $24.95 - 446 pagesA Comprehensive Guide to Rifle Ammunition Vol. 2 - https: //www.createspace.com/6098527- $24.95 - 566 pagesThe Basics of Explosives Vol. 1 - https: //www.createspace.com/6634824- $19.95 - 246 pagesThe Basics of Explosives Vol. 2 - https: //www.createspace.com/6634867- $19.95 - 214 pagesA Comprehensive Guide to Munitions - https: //www.createspace.com/6009915- $19.95 - 402 pagesMilitary History - https: //www.createspace.com/5850454- $19.95 - 292 pages U.S. Special Operations Command - https: //www.createspace.com/6037278- $19.95 - 214 pagesWarfare - https: //www.createspace.com/5840104- $19.95 - 402 pa

The Basics of Explosives:  " The Chemistry of Explosive Compounds  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: The Basics of Explosives: " The Chemistry of Explosive Compounds "
ISBN: 1539447707 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781539447702
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 28680.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: For Military & Law Enforcement OnlyExplosives are used around the world for both productive purposes such as building hydroelectric dams and mining and destructive purposes, primarily by the military. Explosives are usually divided into two classes those that burn and those that detonate. Detonated explosives typically produce a shock front or shock wave that results from an exothermic chemical reaction. This chemical reaction usually results in a relatively stable compound being exposed to a concentrated source of energy such as a blasting cap or other type of detonation device. The solid explosive will phase shift to a high temperature expanding gas in approximately one-millionth of a second (a nanosecond) with pressures exceeding several million pounds per square inch.For one example we can examine 'Det Cord', also known as Primacord which is usually produced in rolled up or coiled section of cord. This cord is then unwound and when detonated will produce an explosive front along the length of the cord that travels at the speed of 5 miles per second. In other words, if you laid out 5 miles of Det cord, and detonated it, the 5 miles of cord would be explosively spent in one second. Whereas if you burned or ignited the same amount cord it could take weeks to burn to completion.This 2 volume set explains the nature of the various industrial and military explosives and also discusses some of the chemistry involved in these explosives - particularly in the 2nd volume.

Timelines of Discovery in Physics: Classical to Quantum

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: Timelines of Discovery in Physics: Classical to Quantum
ISBN: 1532976739 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781532976735
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 22930.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Physics is the fundamental branch of science that developed out of the study of nature and philosophy known, until around the end of the 19th century, as "natural philosophy". Today, physics is ultimately defined as the study of matter, energy and the relationships between them. Physics is, in some senses, the oldest and most basic pure science; its discoveries find applications throughout the natural sciences, since matter and energy are the basic constituents of the natural world. The other sciences are generally more limited in their scope and may be considered branches that have split off from physics to become sciences in their own right. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics. Elements of what became physics were drawn primarily from the fields of astronomy, optics, and mechanics, which were methodologically united through the study of geometry. These mathematical disciplines began in antiquity with the Babylonians and with Hellenistic writers such as Archimedes and Ptolemy. Ancient philosophy, meanwhile - including what was called "physics" - focused on explaining nature through ideas such as Aristotle's four types of "cause". Advances in the knowledge of the laws of nature consisting either of experimental discoveries or theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally. This book outlines the discoveries made in the following fields of physics. -Nature timeline (Formation of The Universe) -Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries -Timeline of classical mechanics -Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics -Timeline of electromagnetic theory -Timeline of thermodynamics -Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions -Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity -Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics -Timeline of particle physics -Timeline of particle discoveries -Timeline of nuclear fusion -Timeline of theoretical physics -Timeline of computational physics -Timeline of cosmological theories -Timeline of black hole physics -Timeline of heat engine technology -Timeline of particle physics technology -Timeline of physical chemistry -Timeline of quantum mechanics -Timeline of quantum computing This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

The Many Types of Government:  " from Chaos to Control  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: The Many Types of Government: " from Chaos to Control "
ISBN: 1523945877 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781523945870
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 28680.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: This book is suggested as supplemental reading in several college courses. A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators, and arbitrators. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political systems and institutions that make up the organization of a specific government.Government of any kind currently affects every human activity in many important ways. For this reason, political scientists generally argue that government should not be studied by itself; but should be studied along with anthropology, economics, environmentalism, history, philosophy, science, and sociology.This book outlines the different types of government that have existed throughout history. It can be very enlightening to understand the type of government that controls the individual at various levels from national, state and local to social organizations.This book is designed to be a general overview of the topic and provide you with the structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The level of discussion is that of Wikipedia. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most currently available general knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

The Human Genome: The Complete Nucleic Acid Sequence for Human DNA

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: The Human Genome: The Complete Nucleic Acid Sequence for Human DNA
ISBN: 1532979762 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781532979767
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 28680.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence for humans (Homo sapiens), encoded as DNA within the 23chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Haploid human genomes, which are contained in germ cells (the egg and spermgamete cells created in the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction before fertilization creates a zygote) consist of three billion DNAbase pairs, while diploid genomes (found in somatic cells) have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals (on the order of 0.1%), these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the chimpanzees (approximately 4%) and bonobos.The Human Genome Project produced the first complete sequences of individual human genomes, with the first draft sequence and initial analysis being published on February 12, 2001. The human genome was the first of all vertebrates to be completely sequenced. As of 2012, thousands of human genomes have been completely sequenced, and many more have been mapped at lower levels of resolution. The resulting data are used worldwide in biomedical science, anthropology, forensics and other branches of science. There is a widely held expectation that genomic studies will lead to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and to new insights in many fields of biology, including human evolution.There are an estimated 20,000-25,000 human protein-coding genes. The estimate of the number of human genes has been repeatedly revised down from initial predictions of 100,000 or more as genome sequence quality and gene finding methods have improved, and could continue to drop further. Protein-coding sequences account for only a very small fraction of the genome (approximately 1.5%), and the rest is associated with non-coding RNA molecules, regulatory DNA sequences, LINEs, SINEs, introns, and sequences for which as yet no function has been determined.The total length of the human genome is over 3 billion base pairs. The genome is organized into 22 paired chromosomes, plus the X chromosome (one in males, two in females) and, in males only, one Y chromosome. These are all large linear DNA molecules contained within the cell nucleus. The genome also includes the mitochondrial DNA, a comparatively small circular molecule present in each mitochondrion. Basic information about these molecules and their gene content, based on a reference genome that does not represent the sequence of any specific individual, are provided in the following table.This book is an excellent overview of the human genome, the genetics involved and DNA and is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible.The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

Mythological Archetypes:  " the Common Elements of Cultural Myths  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: Mythological Archetypes: " the Common Elements of Cultural Myths "
ISBN: 1533204594 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781533204592
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 26380.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: The concept of an archetype is found in areas relating to behavior, modern psychological theory, and literary analysis. An archetype can be: 1. a statement, pattern of behavior, or prototype which other statements, patterns of behavior, and objects copy or emulate; 2. a Platonic philosophical idea referring to pure forms which embody the fundamental characteristics of a thing; 3. a collectively-inherited unconscious idea, pattern of thought, image, etc., that is universally present in individual psyches, as in Jungian psychology; 4. or a constantly recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting, or mythology (this usage of the term draws from both comparative anthropology and Jungian archetypal theory). In various seemingly unrelated cases in classic storytelling, media etc. characters or ideas sharing similar traits can be found. In the first sense, many more informal terms are frequently used instead, such as "standard example" or "basic example," and the longer form "archetypal example" is also found. In mathematics, an archetype is often called a "canonical example." Throughout mythology, history, literature and prose; archetypes are used to relate the human condition and the struggles of life. Mythology in particular has evolved around the use of archetypes. These archetypes often develop into belief systems and religions across cultures. From Shakespeare to Carl Jung and the Bible to Star Wars - the archetype is present. Knowledge of these archetypes is essential to personal development and self-actualization as the reader will become aware of the simple nature of complex myths and how they affect belief systems and cultures. The purpose of this series of books on religion, mythology and theology is designed to illuminate the necessity to emphasize our common humanity and eliminate the battles and divisiveness that exist within the ongoing religious struggles. This book is designed to be a general overview of the topic and provide you with the structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The level of discussion is that of Wikipedia. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most currently available general knowledge on the topic based on the date of publication.

Wisdom:  " the Use of Fact, Statistic & Opinion  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: Wisdom: " the Use of Fact, Statistic & Opinion "
ISBN: 1523806524 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781523806522
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 26380.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Wisdom is the ability to think and act using facts, statistics & opinion to apply critical thinking skills in making decisions about self-expression and self-actualization.Fact, statistic & opinion are sometimes referred to as knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, perspective, intuition and insight. The current day presentation of knowledge will quite often involve the combination of statistics and opinions to form a survey or poll. In science, fact and statistics are commonly used to determine the degree of certainty or measure of accuracy. Another arguable use of fact and opinion is in the formation of belief.In most societies fact is determined by the scientific method, mathematical proof or by using the legal historical method involving a judge or ' finder of fact '. Statistics is a field of mathematics and opinion is usually left to the individual.Wisdom has been regarded as one of four cardinal virtues; and as a virtue, it is a habit or disposition to perform the action with the highest degree of adequacy under any given circumstance, and to avoid wrongdoing. This implies a possession of knowledge or the seeking of knowledge to apply to the given circumstance. This involves an understanding of people, objects, events, situations, and the willingness as well as the ability to apply perception, judgment, and action in keeping with the understanding of what is the optimal course of action. It often requires control of one's emotional reactions (the "passions") so that the universal principle of reason prevails to determine one's action. In short, wisdom is a disposition to find the truth coupled with an optimum judgment as to what actions should be taken.This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible.The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.

Human Evolution:  " Prehistory to Present  "

Автор: Kisak Edited by Paul F.
Название: Human Evolution: " Prehistory to Present "
ISBN: 1532828845 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781532828843
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 28680.00 T
Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Описание: Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans. The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the primates-in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominids (or "great apes")-rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryologyand genetics. Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55million years ago. Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidaefamily diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family some 15-20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged fromorangutans (Ponginae) about 14million years ago; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzees) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) about 8 million years ago; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated about 7.5 million years ago. The basic adaptation of the hominin line is bipedalism. The earliest bipedal hominin is considered to be either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin; alternatively, either Sahelanthropus or Orrorin may instead be the last shared ancestor between chimps and humans. Ardipithecus, a full biped, arose somewhat later, and the early bipeds eventually evolved into the australopithecines, and later into the genus Homo. The earliest documented representative of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which evolved around 2.8 million years ago, and is arguably the earliest species for which there is positive evidence of the use of stone tools. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, although it has been suggested that this was the time in which the human SRGAP2 gene doubled, producing a more rapid wiring of the frontal cortex. During the next million years a process of rapid encephalization occurred, and with the arrival of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster in the fossil record, cranial capacity had doubled to 850 cm3. (Such an increase in human brain size is equivalent to each generation having 125,000 more neurons than their parents.) It is believed that Homo erectus and Homo ergaster were the first to use fire and complex tools, and were the first of the hominin line to leave Africa, spreading throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe between 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago.According to the recent African origin of modern humans theory, modern humans evolved in Africa possibly from Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis or Homo antecessorand migrated out of the continent some 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, gradually replacing local populations of Homo erectus, Denisova hominins, Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis. Archaic Homo sapiens, the forerunner of anatomically modern humans, evolved in the Middle Paleolithic between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. This book discusses the latest comprehensive information about human evolution and is designed to be a reference and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible.The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.


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