Canada`s Residential Schools: The History, Part 2, 1939 to 2000: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 1, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The Legacy: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 5
ISBN: 077354660X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546608
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The Legacy describes what Canada must do to overcome the schools` tragic legacy and move towards reconciliation with the country`s first peoples. For over 125 years Aboriginal children suffered abuse and neglect in residential schools run by the Canadian government and by churches. They were taken from their families and communities and confined in large, frightening institutions where they were cut off from their culture and punished for speaking their own language. Infectious diseases claimed the lives of many students and those who survived lived in harsh and alienating conditions. There was little compassion and little education in most of Canada`s residential schools. Although Canada has formally apologized for the residential school system and has compensated its Survivors, the damaging legacy of the schools continues to this day. This volume examines the long shadow that the residential schools have cast over the lives of Aboriginal Canadians who are more likely to live in poverty, more likely to be in ill health and die sooner, more likely to have their children taken from them, and more likely to be imprisoned than other Canadians. The disappearance of many Indigenous languages and the erosion of cultural traditions and languages also have their roots in residential schools.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The Legacy: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 5
ISBN: 0773546596 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546592
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The Legacy describes what Canada must do to overcome the schools` tragic legacy and move towards reconciliation with the country`s first peoples. For over 125 years Aboriginal children suffered abuse and neglect in residential schools run by the Canadian government and by churches. They were taken from their families and communities and confined in large, frightening institutions where they were cut off from their culture and punished for speaking their own language. Infectious diseases claimed the lives of many students and those who survived lived in harsh and alienating conditions. There was little compassion and little education in most of Canada`s residential schools. Although Canada has formally apologized for the residential school system and has compensated its Survivors, the damaging legacy of the schools continues to this day. This volume examines the long shadow that the residential schools have cast over the lives of Aboriginal Canadians who are more likely to live in poverty, more likely to be in ill health and die sooner, more likely to have their children taken from them, and more likely to be imprisoned than other Canadians. The disappearance of many Indigenous languages and the erosion of cultural traditions and languages also have their roots in residential schools.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 4
ISBN: 0773546588 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546585
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials is the first systematic effort to record and analyze deaths at the schools, and the presence and condition of student cemeteries, within the regulatory context in which the schools were intended to operate. As part of its work the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada established a National Residential School Student Death Register. Due to gaps in the available data, the register is far from complete. Although the actual number of deaths is believed to be far higher, 3,200 residential school victims have been identified. The analysis also demonstrates that residential school death rates were significantly higher than those for the general Canadian school-aged population. The failure to establish and enforce adequate standards of care, coupled with the failure to adequately fund the schools, resulted in unnecessarily high death rates at residential schools. Senior government and church officials were well aware of the schools` ongoing failure to provide adequate levels of custodial care. Children who died at the schools were rarely sent back to their home community. They were usually buried in school or nearby mission cemeteries. As the schools and missions closed, these cemeteries were abandoned. While in a number of instances Aboriginal communities, churches, and former staff have taken steps to rehabilitate cemeteries and commemorate the individuals buried there, most of these cemeteries are now disused and vulnerable to accidental disturbance. In the face of this abandonment, the TRC is proposing the development of a national strategy for the documentation, maintenance, commemoration, and protection of residential school cemeteries.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 4
ISBN: 077354657X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546578
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 96140.00 T
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials is the first systematic effort to record and analyze deaths at the schools, and the presence and condition of student cemeteries, within the regulatory context in which the schools were intended to operate. As part of its work the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada established a National Residential School Student Death Register. Due to gaps in the available data, the register is far from complete. Although the actual number of deaths is believed to be far higher, 3,200 residential school victims have been identified. The analysis also demonstrates that residential school death rates were significantly higher than those for the general Canadian school-aged population. The failure to establish and enforce adequate standards of care, coupled with the failure to adequately fund the schools, resulted in unnecessarily high death rates at residential schools. Senior government and church officials were well aware of the schools` ongoing failure to provide adequate levels of custodial care. Children who died at the schools were rarely sent back to their home community. They were usually buried in school or nearby mission cemeteries. As the schools and missions closed, these cemeteries were abandoned. While in a number of instances Aboriginal communities, churches, and former staff have taken steps to rehabilitate cemeteries and commemorate the individuals buried there, most of these cemeteries are now disused and vulnerable to accidental disturbance. In the face of this abandonment, the TRC is proposing the development of a national strategy for the documentation, maintenance, commemoration, and protection of residential school cemeteries.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The Metis Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 3
ISBN: 0773546561 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546561
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 19190.00 T
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The Metis Experience focuses on an often-overlooked element of Canada`s residential school history. Canada`s residential school system was a partnership between the federal government and the churches. Since the churches wished to convert as many Aboriginal children as possible, they had no objection to admitting Metis children. At Saint-Paul-des-Metis in Alberta, Roman Catholic missionaries established a residential school specifically for Metis children in the early twentieth century, while the Anglicans opened hostels for Metis children in the Yukon in the 1920s and the 1950s. The federal government policy on providing schooling to Metis children was subject to constant change. It viewed the Metis as members of the `dangerous classes,` whom the residential schools were intended to civilize and assimilate. This view led to the adoption of policies that allowed for the admission of Metis children at various times. However, from a jurisdictional perspective, the federal government believed that the responsibility for educating and assimilating Metis people lay with provincial and territorial governments. When this view dominated, Indian agents were often instructed to remove Metis children from residential schools. Because provincial and territorial governments were reluctant to provide services to Metis people, many Metis parents who wished to see their children educated in schools had no option but to try to have them accepted into a residential school. As provincial governments slowly began to provide increased educational services to Metis students after the Second World War, Metis children lived in residences and residential schools that were either run or funded by provincial governments. As this volume demonstrates the Metis experience of residential schooling in Canada is long and complex, involving not only the federal government and the churches, but provincial and territorial governments. Much remains to be done to identify and redress the impact that these schools had on Metis children, their families, and their community.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The Metis Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 3
ISBN: 0773546553 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546554
Издательство: Marston Book Services
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Цена: 81840.00 T
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The Metis Experience focuses on an often-overlooked element of Canada`s residential school history. Canada`s residential school system was a partnership between the federal government and the churches. Since the churches wished to convert as many Aboriginal children as possible, they had no objection to admitting Metis children. At Saint-Paul-des-Metis in Alberta, Roman Catholic missionaries established a residential school specifically for Metis children in the early twentieth century, while the Anglicans opened hostels for Metis children in the Yukon in the 1920s and the 1950s. The federal government policy on providing schooling to Metis children was subject to constant change. It viewed the Metis as members of the `dangerous classes,` whom the residential schools were intended to civilize and assimilate. This view led to the adoption of policies that allowed for the admission of Metis children at various times. However, from a jurisdictional perspective, the federal government believed that the responsibility for educating and assimilating Metis people lay with provincial and territorial governments. When this view dominated, Indian agents were often instructed to remove Metis children from residential schools. Because provincial and territorial governments were reluctant to provide services to Metis people, many Metis parents who wished to see their children educated in schools had no option but to try to have them accepted into a residential school. As provincial governments slowly began to provide increased educational services to Metis students after the Second World War, Metis children lived in residences and residential schools that were either run or funded by provincial governments. As this volume demonstrates the Metis experience of residential schooling in Canada is long and complex, involving not only the federal government and the churches, but provincial and territorial governments. Much remains to be done to identify and redress the impact that these schools had on Metis children, their families, and their community.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The Inuit and Northern Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 2
ISBN: 0773546537 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546530
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 96140.00 T
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The Inuit and Northern Experience demonstrates that residential schooling followed a unique trajectory in the North. As late as 1950 there were only six residential schools and one hostel north of the sixtieth parallel. Prior to the 1950s, the federal government left northern residential schools in the hands of the missionary societies that operated largely in the Mackenzie Valley and the Yukon. It was only in the 1950s that Inuit children began attending residential schools in large numbers. The tremendous distances that Inuit children had to travel to school meant that, in some cases, they were separated from their parents for years. The establishment of day schools and what were termed small hostels in over a dozen communities in the eastern Arctic led many Inuit parents to settle in those communities on a year-round basis so as not to be separated from their children, contributing to a dramatic transformation of the Inuit economy and way of life. Not all the northern institutions are remembered similarly. The staff at Grandin College in Fort Smith and the Churchill Vocational Centre in northern Manitoba were often cited for the positive roles that they played in developing and encouraging a new generation of Aboriginal leadership. The legacy of other schools, particularly Grollier Hall in Inuvik and Turquetil Hall in Igluligaarjuk (Chesterfield Inlet), is far darker. These schools were marked by prolonged regimes of sexual abuse and harsh discipline that scarred more than one generation of children for life. Since Aboriginal people make up a large proportion of the population in Canada`s northern territories, the impact of the schools has been felt intensely through the region. And because the history of these schools is so recent, the intergenerational impacts and the legacy of the schools are strongly felt in the North.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 1
ISBN: 0773546502 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546509
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 41800.00 T
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939 places Canada`s residential school system in the historical context of European campaigns to colonize and convert Indigenous people throughout the world. In post-Confederation Canada, the government adopted what amounted to a policy of cultural genocide: suppressing spiritual practices, disrupting traditional economies, and imposing new forms of government. Residential schooling quickly became a central element in this policy. The destructive intent of the schools was compounded by chronic underfunding and ongoing conflict between the federal government and the church missionary societies that had been given responsibility for their day-to-day operation. A failure of leadership and resources meant that the schools failed to control the tuberculosis crisis that gripped the schools for much of this period. Alarmed by high death rates, Aboriginal parents often refused to send their children to the schools, leading the government adopt ever more coercive attendance regulations. While parents became subject to ever more punitive regulations, the government did little to regulate discipline, diet, fire safety, or sanitation at the schools. By the period`s end the government was presiding over a nation-wide series of firetraps that had no clear educational goals and were economically dependent on the unpaid labour of underfed and often sickly children.

Автор: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
Название: Canada`s Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 1
ISBN: 0773546499 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780773546493
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 146300.00 T
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Описание: Between 1867 and 2000, the Canadian government sent over 150,000 Aboriginal children to residential schools across the country. Government officials and missionaries agreed that in order to "civilize and Christianize" Aboriginal children, it was necessary to separate them from their parents and their home communities. For children, life in these schools was lonely and alien. Discipline was harsh, and daily life was highly regimented. Aboriginal languages and cultures were denigrated and suppressed. Education and technical training too often gave way to the drudgery of doing the chores necessary to make the schools self-sustaining. Child neglect was institutionalized, and the lack of supervision created situations where students were prey to sexual and physical abusers. Legal action by the schools` former students led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008. The product of over six years of research, the Commission`s final report outlines the history and legacy of the schools, and charts a pathway towards reconciliation. Canada`s Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939 places Canada`s residential school system in the historical context of European campaigns to colonize and convert Indigenous people throughout the world. In post-Confederation Canada, the government adopted what amounted to a policy of cultural genocide: suppressing spiritual practices, disrupting traditional economies, and imposing new forms of government. Residential schooling quickly became a central element in this policy. The destructive intent of the schools was compounded by chronic underfunding and ongoing conflict between the federal government and the church missionary societies that had been given responsibility for their day-to-day operation. A failure of leadership and resources meant that the schools failed to control the tuberculosis crisis that gripped the schools for much of this period. Alarmed by high death rates, Aboriginal parents often refused to send their children to the schools, leading the government adopt ever more coercive attendance regulations. While parents became subject to ever more punitive regulations, the government did little to regulate discipline, diet, fire safety, or sanitation at the schools. By the period`s end the government was presiding over a nation-wide series of firetraps that had no clear educational goals and were economically dependent on the unpaid labour of underfed and often sickly children.

Автор: Ememe Lord Loveday
Название: Truth and reconciliation commission
ISBN: 024449827X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780244498276
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Цена: 9230.00 T
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Описание: The real rule of law is derived from the truth. The truth requires the formal or official disclosure of the different constitutions of living beings on this planet. The truth requires the formal or official distinction of the civil being from other beings as ruler for the establishment of real rule of law.

Автор: Robinson Dylan, Martin Keavy
Название: Arts of Engagement: Taking Aesthetic Action in and Beyond Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission
ISBN: 1771121696 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781771121699
Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan)
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Цена: 35110.00 T
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Описание: Arts of Engagement focuses on the role that music, film, visual art, and Indigenous cultural practices play in and beyond Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Indian Residential Schools. Contributors here examine the impact of aesthetic and sensory experience in residential school history, at TRC national and community events, and in artwork and exhibitions not affiliated with the TRC. Using the framework of ""aesthetic action,"" the essays expand the frame of aesthetics to include visual, aural, and kinetic sensory experience, and question the ways in which key components of reconciliation such as apology and witnessing have social and political effects for residential school survivors, intergenerational survivors, and settler publics.This volume makes an important contribution to the discourse on reconciliation in Canada by examining how aesthetic and sensory interventions offer alternative forms of political action and healing. These forms of aesthetic action encompass both sensory appeals to empathize and invitations to join together in alliance and new relationships as well as refusals to follow the normative scripts of reconciliation. Such refusals are important in their assertion of new terms for conciliation, terms that resist the imperatives of reconciliation as a form of resolution.This collection charts new ground by detailing the aesthetic grammars of reconciliation and conciliation. The authors document the efficacies of the TRC for the various Indigenous and settler publics it has addressed, and consider the future aesthetic actions that must be taken in order to move beyond what many have identified as the TRC's political limitations.

Автор: Annett Kevin Daniel
Название: Murder by Decree: The Crime of Genocide in Canada: A Counter Report to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
ISBN: 1530145619 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781530145614
Издательство: Неизвестно
Цена: 22990.00 T
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Описание: Murder by Decree is an uncensored record of the planned extermination of indigenous children in Canada's murderous "Indian residential schools". It is issued as a corrective Counter Report to the miscarriage of justice by Church and State known as the "Truth and Reconciliation Commission" (TRC). Based on eyewitness testimonies and archival documentation deliberately suppressed or ignored by the TRC, Murder by Decree proves that the genocide of indigenous people began as a religion-led campaign and continues to be a deliberate governmental policy in Canada. This Counter Report reveals these startling facts: - Over half of Indian residential school children began dying the very first year these church-run facilities were opened - This huge mortality rate continued unabated for over a half century because of deliberate practices of germ warfare according to a prescribed monthly "death quota" - Evidence of these crimes and their intentional nature has been continually destroyed by the RCMP and the Catholic, Anglican and United Church since at least 1960 - The same genocide continues today, is aimed at indigenous women and children, and is driven by foreign corporate interests hungry for native lands and resources Murder by Decree is issued by The International Tribunal for the Disappeared of Canada (ITDC), an international coalition of jurists and human rights groups. The ITDC was formed in December, 2015 to investigate the disappearance of people in Canada, prosecute those responsible and prevent a further whitewash by Canada of its Crimes against Humanity. This report is an answer to these crimes and an urgent summons to the world and to all Canadians to live no longer under genocidal regimes. Published by the ITDC Central Offices in Brussels and Toronto. For more information: disappearedofcanada@gmail.com