Автор: Baumard Nicolas, Baumard N. Название: The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains Our Moral Nature ISBN: 0190210222 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780190210229 Издательство: Oxford Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 68640.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: In order to describe the logic of morality, "contractualist" philosophers have studied how individuals behave when they choose to follow their moral intuitions. These individuals, contractualists note, often act as if they have bargained and thus reached an agreement with others about how to distribute the benefits and burdens of mutual cooperation. Using this observation, such philosophers argue that the purpose of morality is to maximize the benefits of human interaction. The resulting "contract" analogy is both insightful and puzzling. On one hand, it captures the pattern of moral intuitions, thus answering questions about human cooperation: why do humans cooperate? Why should the distribution of benefits be proportionate to each person's contribution? Why should the punishment be proportionate to the crime? Why should the rights be proportionate to the duties? On the other hand, the analogy provides a mere as-if explanation for human cooperation, saying that cooperation is "as if" people have passed a contract-but since they didn't, why should it be so? To evolutionary thinkers, the puzzle of the missing contract is immediately reminiscent of the puzzle of the missing "designer" of life-forms, a puzzle that Darwin's theory of natural selection essentially resolved. Evolutionary and contractualist theory originally intersected at the work of philosophers John Rawls and David Gauthier, who argued that moral judgments are based on a sense of fairness that has been naturally selected. In this book, Nicolas Baumard further explores the theory that morality was originally an adaptation to the biological market of cooperation, an arena in which individuals competed to be selected for cooperative interactions. In this environment, Baumard suggests, the best strategy was to treat others with impartiality and to share the costs and benefits of cooperation in a fair way, so that those who offered less than others were left out of cooperation while those who offered more were exploited by their partners. It is with this evolutionary approach that Baumard ultimately accounts for the specific structure of human morality.
How Cold War America came to attribute human evolutionary success to our species' unique capacity for murder
After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. Creatures of Cain charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man's evolutionary success to his unique capacity for murder. Drawing on a wealth of archival materials and in-depth interviews, Erika Lorraine Milam reveals how the scientists who advanced this "killer ape" theory capitalized on an expanding postwar market in intellectual paperbacks and widespread faith in the power of science to solve humanity's problems, even to answer the most fundamental questions of human identity. The killer ape theory spread quickly from colloquial science publications to late-night television, classrooms, political debates, and Hollywood films. Behind the scenes, however, scientists were sharply divided, their disagreements centering squarely on questions of race and gender. Then, in the 1970s, the theory unraveled altogether when primatologists discovered that chimpanzees also kill members of their own species. While the discovery brought an end to definitions of human exceptionalism delineated by violence, Milam shows how some evolutionists began to argue for a shared chimpanzee-human history of aggression even as other scientists discredited such theories as sloppy popularizations. A wide-ranging account of a compelling episode in American science, Creatures of Cain argues that the legacy of the killer ape persists today in the conviction that science can resolve the essential dilemmas of human nature.
Автор: Hampe Michael Название: Tunguska, or the End of Nature: A Philosophical Dialogue ISBN: 022612312X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780226123127 Издательство: Wiley Рейтинг: Цена: 32730.00 T Наличие на складе: Невозможна поставка. Описание: A mysterious explosion erupted in the skies over a vast woodland area of Siberia. The sets four fictional men based on real-life scholars - adrift on the open ocean, in a dense fog, to discuss what they think happened. The result is a illuminating exploration of the definition of nature, mankind`s role within it, and what its end might be.
Автор: Leunissen Название: Explanation and Teleology in Aristotle`s Science of Nature ISBN: 1107538858 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107538856 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 33790.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: This book examines Aristotle`s use of the theory of natural teleology in producing explanations of natural phenomena. It will be valuable for all who are interested in Aristotle`s natural science, his philosophy of science, and his biology.
Автор: Von Humboldt Alexander Название: Views of Nature ISBN: 022642247X ISBN-13(EAN): 9780226422473 Издательство: Wiley Рейтинг: Цена: 25350.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: While the influence of Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) looms large over the natural sciences, his legacy reaches far beyond the field notebooks of naturalists. Humboldt's 1799-1804 research expedition to Central and South America with botanist Aim Bonpland not only set the course for the great scientific surveys of the nineteenth century, but also served as the raw material for his many volumes--works of both scientific rigor and aesthetic beauty that inspired such essayists and artists as Emerson, Goethe, Thoreau, Poe, and Frederic Edwin Church.
Views of Nature, or Ansichten der Natur, was Humboldt's best-known and most influential work--and his personal favorite. While the essays that comprise it are themselves remarkable as innovative, early pieces of nature writing--they were cited by Thoreau as a model for his own work--the book's extensive endnotes incorporate some of Humboldt's most beautiful prose and mature thinking on vegetation structure, its origins in climate patterns, and its implications for the arts. Written for both a literary and a scientific audience, Views of Nature was translated into English (twice), Spanish, and French in the nineteenth century, and it was read widely in Europe and the Americas. But in contrast to many of Humboldt's more technical works, Views of Nature has been unavailable in English for more than one hundred years. Largely neglected in the United States during the twentieth century, Humboldt's contributions to the humanities and the sciences are now undergoing a revival to which this new translation will be a critical contribution.
Автор: Harris, Errol E Название: Nature, Mind and Modern Science ISBN: 113887115X ISBN-13(EAN): 9781138871151 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 51030.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Автор: Agnieszka Latawiec,Dorice Agol Название: Sustainability Indicators in Practice ISBN: 3110450496 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783110450491 Издательство: Walter de Gruyter Рейтинг: Цена: 111510.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: The goal of sustainable development is to meet the socio-economic and environmental objectives without comprising the needs of future generations. Since the Rio Summit of 1992, the concept of sustainability has captured our imaginations and aspirations and efforts to develop its indicators have increased. A range of sustainability indicators have been developed within various socio-economic, environmental and cultural contexts- including biodiversity, economy, energy, water, land use and transport. Sustainability indicators are widespread in international development arena. They have become popularized among governments, non-governmental organizations, private sector and the wider public. Based on multiple cases across the world, this book explores opportunities and challenges associated with the practical application of sustainability indicators. The book reflects diversity of professionals of inter-disciplinary backgrounds covering contemporary issues within different socio-economic and environmental contexts. Each chapter presents practical examples of the merits and challenges of using sustainability indicators and draws conclusions and lessons learned. The book targets a range of audience from students, academics to development practitioners and policy-makers. The two editors of this book: Dr. Agnieszka Ewa Latawiec and Dr. Dorice Agol are inter-disciplinary scientists who both have experience in research at the environmental conservation and development nexus.
Автор: Whitehead Название: The Concept of Nature ISBN: 1107534313 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781107534315 Издательство: Cambridge Academ Рейтинг: Цена: 22170.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: This influential discussion of the fundamental metaphysical problems of space, time and substance continues to be important and illuminating for philosophers and scientists alike. With a specially commissioned preface written by Michael Hampe, this book is presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery for a new generation of readers.
Автор: Margaret Lock, Gisli Palsson Название: Can Science Resolve the Nature / Nurture Debate? ISBN: 0745689965 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780745689968 Издательство: Wiley Рейтинг: Цена: 47520.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: Following centuries of debate about "nature and nurture" the discovery of DNA established the idea that nature (genes) determines who we are, relegating nurture (environment) to icing on the cake.
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