The Vertebrate IntegumentVolume 2, Theagarten Lingham-Soliar

Автор: Michael J. Benton
Название: Vertebrate Palaeontology
ISBN: 1118407555 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781118407554
Издательство: Wiley
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Описание: Vertebrate palaeontology is a lively field, with new discoveries reported every week and not only dinosaurs! This new edition reflects the international scope of vertebrate palaeontology, with a special focus on exciting new finds from China. A key aim is to explain the science. Gone are the days of guesswork.

Автор: Beate Brand-Saberi
Название: Vertebrate Myogenesis
ISBN: 3662446073 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783662446072
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: This book addresses the differentiation control of skeletal muscle in different locations of the vertebrate body Particular attention is paid to novel regulatory molecules and signals as well as the heterogeneity of origin that have revealed a developmental overlap between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Different functional muscle groups are the product of the evolution of the vertebrate classes, making a phylogenetic comparison worthwhile for understanding the role of muscle stem cells and precursors in myogenesis. New insights into the hierarchy of transcription factors, particularly in the context of these different muscle groups have been gained from detailed investigations of the spatio-temporal and regulatory relationships derived from mouse and zebrafish genetics and avian microsurgery. Importantly, epigenetic mechanisms that have surfaced recently, in particular the role of MyomiRs, are also surveyed. With an eye to the human patient, encouraging results have been generated that identify parallels between embryonic myogenesis and regenerating myofibers due to common regulatory molecules. On the other hand, both processes differ considerably in quality and complexity of the processes employed. Interestingly, the heterogeneity in embryonic sources from which skeletal muscle groups in the vertebrate including the human body take origin is paralleled by differences in their susceptibility to particular muscle dystrophies as well as by the characteristics of the satellite cells involved in regeneration. The progress that has been made in the field of muscle stem cell biology, with special focus on the satellite cells, is outlined in this book by experts in the field. The authors review recent insights of the heterogeneous nature of these satellite cells regarding their gene signatures and regeneration potential. Furthermore, an improved understanding of muscle stem cells seems only possible when we study the impact of the cell environment on efficient stem cell replacement therapies for muscular dystrophies, putting embryological findings from different vertebrate classes and stem cell approaches into context.

Автор: Gregory Becker; Manickam Sugumaran; Edwin L. Coope
Название: Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Vertebrate Immune System
ISBN: 1461354811 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781461354819
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: This book contains the proceedings of the first meeting on invertebrate immunity ever sponsored as a summer research conference by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB).

Автор: Theagarten Lingham-Soliar
Название: The Vertebrate IntegumentVolume 2
ISBN: 3662460041 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783662460047
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: The emphasis in this volume is on the structure and functional design of the integument. The book starts with a brief introduction to some basic principles of physics (mechanics) including Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. These principles are subsequently used to interpret the problems animals encounter in motion. It is in only the last 40 or so years that we have begun to understand how important a role the integument plays in the locomotion of many marine vertebrates. This involves the crossed-fiber architecture, which was first discovered in a classic study on nemertean worms. As a design principle we see that the crossed-fiber architecture is ubiquitous in nature. Research on some of the most dynamic marine vertebrates of the oceans – tuna, dolphins and sharks, and the extinct Jurassic ichthyosaurs – shows precisely how the crossed-fiber architecture contributes to high-speed swimming and (in lamnid sharks) may even aid in energy conservation. However, this design principle is not restricted to animals in the marine biota but is also found as far afield as the dinosaurs and, most recently, has been revealed as a major part of the microstructure of the most complex derivative of the integument, the feather. We see that a variety of phylogenetically diverse vertebrates take to the air by using skin flaps to glide from tree to tree or to the ground, and present detailed descriptions of innovations developed in pursuit of improved gliding capabilities in both extinct and modern day gliders. But the vertebrate integument had even greater things in store, namely true or flapping flight. Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to use the integument as a membrane in true flapping flight and these interesting extinct animals are discussed on the basis of past and cutting-edge research , most intriguingly with respect to the structure of the flight membrane. Bats, the only mammals that fly, also employ integumental flight membranes. Classic research on bat flight is reviewed and supplemented with the latest research, which shows the complexities of the wing beat cycle to be significantly different from that of birds, as revealed by particle image velocimetry. The book’s largest chapter is devoted to birds, given that they make up nearly half of the over 22,000 species of tetrapods. The flight apparatus of birds is unique in nature and is described in great detail, with innovative research highlighting the complexity of the flight structures, bird flight patterns, and behavior in a variety of species. This is complimented by new research on the brains of birds, which shows that they are more complex than previously thought. The feather made bird flight possible, and was itself made possible by ?-keratin, contributing to what may be a unique biomechanical microstructure in nature, a topic discussed in some depth. A highly polarized subject concerns the origin of birds and of the feather. Alleged fossilized protofeathers (primal simple feathers) are considered on the basis of histological and taphonomic investigative studies in Chapter 6. Finally, in Chapter 7 we discuss the controversies associated with this field of research. Professor Theagarten Lingham-Soliar works at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth and is an Honorary Professor of Life Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

Автор: David L. Hawksworth; Alan T. Bull
Название: Vertebrate Conservation and Biodiversity
ISBN: 1402063199 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781402063190
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: This book draws together a wide range of papers from researchers around the world that address the conservation and biodiversity of vertebrates, particularly those in terrestrial habitats.

Автор: Bentley P. J., Bentley Peter J.
Название: Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
ISBN: 0521629985 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780521629980
Издательство: Cambridge Academ
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Описание: This book discusses the intimate physiology of the endocrine system and the pivotal role of hormones in coordinating basic body processes

Автор: Nikolas Zagris; Anne Marie Duprat; Antony Durston
Название: Organization of the Early Vertebrate Embryo
ISBN: 0306451328 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780306451324
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: Proceedings of a NATO ASI held in Spetsai, Greece, September 16-26, 1994.

Автор: Takahisa Furukawa; James B. Hurley; Satoru Kawamur
Название: Vertebrate Photoreceptors
ISBN: 4431563350 ISBN-13(EAN): 9784431563358
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: This book provides a series of comprehensive views on various important aspects of vertebrate photoreceptors.

Автор: G. Goldspink
Название: Differentiation and Growth of Cells in Vertebrate Tissues
ISBN: 0412113902 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780412113901
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: In addition to these two general chapters we have included chapters on some of the major tissues. These were chosen not just to illustrate the points made in the general chapters but because there is enough information available on the development of these tissues for the expert in that field to present a good, readable account.

Автор: E.W. Jr. Jameson
Название: Patterns of Vertebrate Biology
ISBN: 1461381053 ISBN-13(EAN): 9781461381051
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: At the other end of the academic spectrum are courses that emphasize synthe- sis and theory: evolution, zoogeography, behavior and ecology are important courses whose role is to explore the relationships of various aspects of the physical and biological world.

Автор: J. Aschoff; S. Daan; G.A. Groos
Название: Vertebrate Circadian Systems
ISBN: 3642686532 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783642686535
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: By evolutionary adaptation to the perpetual day-night changes in envi- ronmental conditions, eukaryotic organisms have acquired an endogen- ous programme. This mechanism exhibits the characteristics of a self- sustaining oscillation the period of which approximates that of the earth's rotation. For animals such a property was first clearly demon- strated by Maynard S. Johnson (1939) who recorded, in constant conditions, free-running activity rhythms of white-footed mice (Peromyscus /eucopus). Johnson concluded from his observations that "this animal has an exceptionally substantial and durable self-winding and self-regulating clock, the mechanism of which remains to be worked out." Twenty years later, the formal properties of this "circadian" clock and its use by organisms as a time-keeping device were summa- rized at the Cold Spring Harbor Symposium in 1960 (Chovnick 1961). During the following two decades, investigations have turned towards an analysis of the physiological mechanisms involved in and the search for a central masterclock. These efforts led to the discovery that the pineal organ of submammalian vertebrates and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of birds and mammals are major candidates for a role as central circadian pacemakers. At the same time the neural pathways through which these structures are coupled to the light-dark cycle were identi- fied. Furthermore, it was established that the pineal gland and the suprachiasmatic nuclei are closely related structures that integrate the functions of circadian timekeeping and photoperiodic time measure- ment.

Автор: Theagarten Lingham-Soliar
Название: The vertebrate integument
ISBN: 3662510111 ISBN-13(EAN): 9783662510117
Издательство: Springer
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Описание: The vertebrate integument arose about 450 million years ago as an ‘armour’ of dermal bony plates in small, jawless fish-like creatures, informally known as the ostracoderms. This book reviews the major changes that have occurred in the vertebrate integument from its beginnings to the present day. Critical questions concerning the origin, structure and functional biology of the bony integument are discussed and intrinsically linked to major steps in vertebrate evolution and phylogeny—the origin of jaws and the origin of teeth. The discussions include the origins of mineralization of major vertebrate skeletal components such as the dermatocranium, branchial arches and vertebral column. The advances that led to the origin of modern fishes and their phylogenetic development are reviewed and include the evolution of fins and replacement of the bony plates with several types of dermal scales. The evolution of reptiles saw a major transformation of the integument, with the epidermis becoming the protective outermost layer, from which the scales arose, while the dermis lay below it. The biological significance of the newly-evolved ?-keratin in reptilian scales, among the toughest natural materials known, is discussed in the context of its major contribution to the great success of reptiles and to the evolution of feathers and avian flight. The dermis in many vertebrates is strengthened by layers of oppositely oriented cross-fibres, now firmly entrenched as a design principle of biomechanics. Throughout the book conventional ideas are discussed and a number of new hypotheses are presented in light of the latest developments. The long evolutionary history of vertebrates indicates that the significance of the Darwinian concept of “survival of the fittest” may be overstated, including in our own mammalian origins and that chance often plays a major role in evolutionary patterns. Extensive illustrations are included to support the verbal descriptions. Professor Theagarten Lingham-Soliar is in the Department of Life Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.