Business Networks in Clusters and Industrial Districts, Belussi, Fiorenza
Автор: Belussi, Fiorenza Название: Business Networks in Clusters and Industrial Districts ISBN: 0415539854 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780415539852 Издательство: Taylor&Francis Рейтинг: Цена: 46950.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ.
Industry clusters promote innovation in the Arab World, through collaboration among businesses, research institutions, and governments. Benefits include the creation and sharing of knowledge, professional networking, access to spill-over knowledge, and specialized talent pools. These are the necessary elements to support the blossoming of innovation. In addition, clusters have the capacity to foster economic development in the region as a whole. They are key determinants in improving micro and small firms’ performance through company linkages and access to internationalization opportunities.
Industry Clusters and Innovation in the Arab World presents research and case studies in a range of Arabic-speaking countries, and proposes a series of reforms to build and promote industry clusters in the region. Challenges facing the establishment and the competitiveness of such clusters are also explored, and real-world applicable recommendations are provided. This break-through research highlights opportunities, and also macro-environmental threats. This is essential reading for researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners.
Автор: World Bank Название: Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprises in Africa: From Survival to Growth ISBN: 0821386271 ISBN-13(EAN): 9780821386279 Издательство: Mare Nostrum (Eurospan) Цена: 20900.00 T Наличие на складе: Есть у поставщика Поставка под заказ. Описание: The World Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Research Institute, and the Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID), in collaboration with researchers affiliated with the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), recently conducted a study on Africa's domestic enterprises to improve the understanding of the constraints micro and small enterprises in Africa face in improving productivity and expanding their markets. In Africa, there are stark performance gaps between domestically owned enterprises and foreign-owned enterprises in terms of sales performance, productivity, and ability to reach distant markets. Among others, size appears to be a dominant factor in explaining the gap. Against this background, the study analyzes how naturally formed industrial clusters--concentrations of enterprises engaged in same or closely related industrial activities in specific locations--could potentially mitigate constraints Africa's micro and small enterprises face and enhance their business performance. The study is one of the first comprehensive quantitative inquiries on industrial clusters in Africa. The analysis specifically focuses on the role of spontaneously grown clusters of light manufacturing industries based on a set of original case studies of industrial clusters conducted for this research project. One of the key findings from the case studies was that cluster-based micro and small enterprises are performing better than similar micro and small enterprises outside of the clusters in terms of sales performance and ability to reach distant markets. Market access is a leading reason for cluster-based enterprises to choose their current locations. However, cluster-based enterprises face another set of unique growth constraints. By the very nature of spontaneous agglomera¬tion, new enterprises continue to flow to the clusters seeking the profit opportunities and better access to markets at such locations. The result can be intense competition in addition to increased congestion. Space constraints often impede growth within clusters. The lack of alternative locations available for industrial activities in the same cities, generic infrastructure bottlenecks, and unclear zoning policies and their unpredictable changes limit firms' location choices and constrain their mobility. While competition should improve efficiency, lack of capacity among those competing cluster-based enterprises to invest and innovate does not generate growth out of the competition. The vast majority of naturally formed clusters of light manufacturing industries in Africa are still at a "survival" level, where agglomeration externalities are only limited to expand quantity but not quality as we observe in more advanced innovation-oriented clusters in elsewhere in the world. Existing studies on such natural industrial clusters in Africa have found that the lack of managerial skills among entrepreneurs running micro and small enterprises is a major constraint for innovation and growth in the clusters. As a part of this study, pilot managerial skills training programs were conducted in two industrial clusters on an experimental basis, where a group of randomly selected entrepreneurs within the clusters were given three-week long crush course of based management such as bookkeeping, marketing, business planning, and production management. The impact evaluation of the experiments showed significant positive impacts of the training programs on value added and gross profits of enterprises. Raising the current survival-type industrial clusters, which have been formed as a coping mechanism to weak investment climate, into more dynamic innovating clusters will be an important avenue for fostering growth of micro and small enterprises in Africa. While national efforts to improve investment climate and investments in human capital are undoubtedly important, there could be more targeted policies to be formulated,
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